DESCRIPTION OF COURSE CONTENTS
Undergraduate Courses
Course No. Agromet 102 (1+1) Sem II
Title: Introductory Agrometeorology and Climate Change
Syllabus Theory : Agrometeorology – definition, scope. Earth atmosphere - its composition, extent and structure. Atmospheric weather variables. Elements and factors of weather and climate. Atmospheric pressure. Wind, types, daily and seasonal variation. Cyclone, anticyclone. Land and sea breeze. Solar radiation - solar constant, depletion, short and long wave, thermal radiation, net radiation, albedo. Atmospheric temperature, inversion, lapse rate, daily and seasonal variations, vertical profile. Energy balance of earth. Atmospheric humidity, saturation vapor pressure, condensation. Dew, fog, mist, frost. Precipitation, process, types.Cloud formation and classification. Artificial rainmaking. Monsoon - mechanism and importance in Indian agriculture. Weather hazards. Agriculture and weather relations. Modifications of microclimate. Climatic normals for crop and livestock production. Weather forecasting – types and applications. Climate change and impacts on agriculture.
Theory Outline:
| Sr. No. |
Topic |
No. of Lectures |
| 1. |
Introduction to General Climatology:
Weather & Climate and its importance
|
1
|
| 2. |
Agrometeorology – Definition, branches, practical utility and future scope
|
2
|
| 3. |
Structure and Composition of Earth’s Atmosphere:
Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere
Vertical Distribution of Temperature and Pressure
|
2
|
| 4. |
Atmospheric weather variables
Elements and Factors of Weather and Climate
|
2
|
| 5. |
Atmospheric pressure. Wind, types, daily and seasonal variation. Cyclone, anticyclone. Land and sea breeze
|
1
|
| 6. |
Solar radiation - solar constant, depletion, short and long wave, thermal radiation, net radiation, albedo. Energy balance of earth
|
1
|
| 7. |
Atmospheric temperature, inversion, lapse rate, daily and seasonal variations, vertical profile
|
1
|
| 8. |
Atmospheric humidity, saturation, vapor pressure, condensation. Dew, fog, mist, frost. Precipitation, process, types. Cloud formation and classification
|
2
|
| 9. |
Artificial rainmaking. Monsoon - mechanism and importance in Indian agriculture
|
1
|
| 10. |
Weather hazards. Agriculture and weather relations
|
1
|
| 11. |
Modifications of microclimate
|
1
|
| 12. |
Climatic normals for crop and livestock production
|
1
|
| 13. |
Weather forecasting – types and applications
|
2
|
| 14. |
Climate change and impacts on agriculture
|
2
|
|
Total
|
20 |
Recommended Books:
1. Mahi G S and P K Kingra. 2018. Fundamentals of Agrometeorology and Climate Change. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.
2. Lal D S. 1998. Climatology. Sharda Pustak Bhawan, Allahabad.
3. Mavi H S. 1994. Introduction to Agrometeorology (Second Edition) Oxford, IBH, New Delhi.
Syllabus Practical: Visit to agrometeorological observatory. Site selection of observatory and exposure of instruments and weather data recording. Measurement of total, short and long wave radiations and their estimation using Planck’s intensity law. Measurement of albedo and sunshine duration, computation of radiation intensity using BSS. Measurement of maximum and minimum air temperatures, tabulation, trend and variation analysis. Measurement of soil temperature and computation of soil heat flux. Determination of vapor pressure and relative humidity. Determination of dew point temperature. Measurement of atmospheric pressure and analysis of atmospheric conditions. Measurement of wind speed and wind direction, preparation of wind rose. Measurement, tabulation and critical analysis of rainfall. Computation of drought indices. Measurement of open pan evaporation and evapotranspiration. Computation of PET and AET.
Practical Outline:
|
Sr. No.
|
Topic
|
No. of Lectures
|
| 1. |
Visit to an agrometeorological observatory and to prepare the lay out plan of the agrometeorological observatory |
1 |
| 2. |
Site selection of observatory and exposure of instruments.
|
2
|
| 3. |
To record, tabulate and calculate the meteorological parameters
|
1
|
| 4. |
Measurement of total, short and long wave radiations and their estimation using Planck’s intensity law
|
1
|
| 5. |
Measurement of albedo and sunshine duration, computation of radiation intensity using BSS
|
1
|
| 6. |
Measurement of maximum and minimum air temperatures, tabulation, trend and variation analysis
|
1
|
| 7. |
Measurement of soil temperature and computation of soil heat flux
|
1
|
| 8. |
Determination of vapour pressure and relative humidity
|
1
|
| 9. |
Determination of dew point temperature
|
1
|
| 10. |
Measurement of atmospheric pressure and analysis of atmospheric conditions.
|
1
|
| 11. |
Measurement of wind speed and wind direction, preparation of wind rose
|
1
|
| 12. |
Measurement, tabulation and critical analysis of rainfall
|
1
|
| 13. |
Computation of drought indices
|
1
|
| 14. |
Measurement of open pan evaporation and evapotranspiration
|
1
|
| 15. |
Computation of PET and AET
|
1
|
|
Total
|
16
|
Course No. Agromet 301 (2+1) Sem II
Title: System Simulation and Agroadvisory
Syllabus Theory: Systems approach for representing soil-plant-atmospheric continuum, system boundaries. Crop models –concepts, types, techniques, basic data requirements, relational diagrams. Evaluation of crop responses to weather elements. Elementary crop growth models, Calibration, validation, verification and sensitivity analysis. Potential and achievable crop production-concept and modeling techniques for their estimation. Crop production in moisture and nutrient limited conditions. Components of soil water and nutrient balance. Insect and disease forecasting models. Weather forecasting, types, methods, tools and techniques, forecast verification. Value added weather forecast; ITK for weather forecast and its validity. Crop-weather calendars. Preparation of agro-advisory bulletin based on weather forecast and crop simulation models and its effective dissemination.
Theory outline:
| Sr. No. |
Topic |
No. of Lectures |
|
1.
|
Systems approach for representing soil-plant-atmospheric continuum
|
2
|
|
2.
|
Crop models – concepts, types, techniques, basic data requirements, relational diagrams
|
2
|
|
3.
|
Evaluation of crop responses to weather elements
|
2
|
|
4.
|
Elementary crop growth models, Calibration, validation, verification, and sensitivity analysis
|
2
|
|
5.
|
Potential and achievable crop production- concept and modelling techniques for their estimation
|
2
|
|
6.
|
Crop production in moisture and nutrient limited conditions
|
2
|
|
7.
|
Components of soil, water and nutrient balance
|
2
|
|
8.
|
Insect and disease forecasting models
|
2
|
|
9.
|
Weather forecasting, types, methods, tools and techniques, forecast verification
|
2
|
|
10.
|
Value added weather forecast
|
1
|
|
11.
|
ITK for weather forecast and its validity
|
2
|
|
12.
|
Crop weather calendars
|
1
|
|
13.
|
Preparation of agroadvisory bulletins
|
1
|
|
14.
|
Crop simulation models
|
2
|
|
15.
|
Dissemination of agro-advisory bulletin
|
1
|
|
Total
|
26 |
Syllabus Practical: Preparation of crop weather calendars. Preparation of agroadvisories based on weather forecast using various approaches and synoptic charts. Working with statistical and simulation models for crop growth. Potential and achievable production. Yield forecasting, insect and disease forecasting models. Simulation with limitations of water and nutrient management options. Sensitivity analysis of varying weather and crop management practices. Use of statistical approaches in data analysis and preparation of historical and present meteorological data for medium range weather forecast. Feedback from farmers about the agro-advisory.
Practical outline:
| Sr. No. |
Topic |
No. of Lectures |
| 1. |
Exposure of Agrometeorological Observatories
|
1
|
| 2. |
Preparation of crop weather calendars and its utility.
|
1
|
| 3. |
Preparation of agroadvisories based on weather forecast using various approaches and synoptic charts.
|
3
|
| 4. |
Application and Importance of agroadvisory services
|
1
|
| 5. |
Meaning, scope and importance of Crop Modeling
|
1
|
| 6. |
Working with statistical and simulation models for crop growth
|
3
|
| 7. |
Potential and achievable production
|
1
|
| 8. |
Yield forecasting, insect and disease forecasting models
|
2
|
| 9. |
Simulation with limitations of water and nutrient management options
|
2
|
| 10. |
Sensitivity analysis of varying weather and crop management practices
|
2
|
| 11. |
Use of statistical approaches in data analysis and preparation of historical and present meteorological data for medium range weather forecast
|
3
|
| 12. |
Feedback from farmers about the agro-advisory
|
1
|
|
Total
|
21 |
Post graduate Courses
Master's Courses
Course No. Agromet. 501
Course Title: General Meteorology and Climatology (2+1) Sem. I
Syllabus Theory: Solar radiation & heat balance. Pressure and temperature, potential temperature. Cyclones and anticyclones. Equations of motion. General circulation, turbulence, vorticity, atmospheric waves. Gas and thermodynamic laws. Water vapour in the atmosphere. Stability and instability. Lapse rates-ascent of dry and moist air, condensation. Clouds. Hydrological cycle- precipitation processes, artificial rainmaking, thunderstorms and dust storms. Air masses and fronts. Zonal distribution of radiation, rainfall, temperature and wind. SE Asian monsoon. El Nino, La Nina and ENSO. Weather forecasting importance, types, tools and techniques of weather forecasting. Measures of central tendency and dispersion, correlation, regression, moving average probability and their distribution functions. Analysis of weather systems.
Theory Outline:
| Sr. No. |
Topic |
No. of Lectures |
|
1.
|
Introduction to Solar radiation, basic definitions
|
1
|
|
2.
|
Radiation laws, electromagnetic spectrum, radiation balance
|
2
|
|
3.
|
Temperature, potential temperature, horizontal and vertical distribution of temperature
|
3
|
|
4.
|
Pressure- basics, vertical distribution of pressure
|
2
|
|
5.
|
Cyclones and anticyclones
|
1
|
|
6.
|
Equations of motion
|
2
|
|
7.
|
General circulation of atmoshere
|
2
|
|
8.
|
Turbulence, vorticity, atmospheric waves
|
2
|
|
9.
|
Gas and thermodynamic laws
|
1
|
|
10.
|
Water vapour in the atmosphere
|
1
|
|
11.
|
Stability and instability
|
2
|
|
12.
|
Lapse rates-ascent of dry and moist air
|
1
|
|
13.
|
Hydrological cycle- precipitation processes, artificial rainmaking, thunderstorms and dust storms
|
2
|
|
14.
|
Clouds and types of clouds
|
2
|
|
15.
|
Air masses and fronts
|
2
|
|
16.
|
Zonal distribution of radiation, rainfall, temperature and wind
|
4
|
|
17.
|
SE Asian monsoon. El Nino, La Nina and ENSO
|
3
|
|
18.
|
Weather forecasting importance, types, tools and techniques of weather forecasting
|
3
|
|
19.
|
Measures of central tendency and dispersion, correlation, regression, moving average probability and their distribution functions
|
2
|
|
20.
|
Analysis of weather systems
|
1
|
| Total |
39 |
Syllabus Practical: Agromet observatory-different classes of observatories. Site selection and installation procedures for meteorological instruments. Measurement and recording of weather parameters. Climatic normals, weather chart preparation and identification of low and high pressure systems. Statistical techniques for computation of normals, moving average, Markov chain model etc.
Practical Outline:
|
Sr.No
|
Topic
|
No. of Lectures
|
|
1.
|
To familiarize the students about different classes of agrometeorological observatories
|
1
|
|
2.
|
Site selection and Layout of agrometeorological observatory
|
2
|
|
3.
|
Installation procedures for meteorological instruments installed at observatory
|
2
|
|
4.
|
Measurement and recording of temperature data
|
1
|
|
5.
|
Measurement and recording evaporation data
|
1
|
|
6.
|
Measurement and recording of bright sunshine hours data
|
1
|
|
7.
|
Measurement and recording of rainfall data
|
1
|
|
8.
|
Measurement and recording of wind speed and wind direction
|
2
|
|
9.
|
Measurement and recording of relative humidity
|
1
|
|
10.
|
Measurement and recording of atmospheric pressure
|
1
|
|
11
|
Calculation of climatic normals using different statistical techniques, moving averages and Markov’s chain analysis
|
3
|
|
12.
|
Identification and preparation of various weather charts
|
2
|
|
13.
|
Identification of low pressure system, ridge and trough on weather charts
|
2
|
|
14.
|
Identification of various symbols used in analysis of weather charts
|
2
|
|
Total
|
22
|
Course No. Agromet. 502
Course Title: Applied Agricultural Meteorology (2+1) Sem. II
Syllabus Theory: Meaning, scope and components of agricultural meteorology. Importance of meteorological parameters in agriculture. Efficiency of solar energy conversion into dry matter production. Air pollution and its influence on vegetation. Meteorological factors in photosynthesis, respiration and net assimilation. Basic principles of water balance, soil-water balance models and water production functions. Crop weather calenders. Weather forecasts for agriculture. Agromet advisories. Weather forecasting techniques. Droughtconcepts and types. Crop water stress index and crop stress detection. Role of meteorological parameters in air pollution. Crop- weather-pest interactions. Meteorological aspects of forest fires and their control. Concepts of statistical and simulation models. Climatic change and agriculture. Climate classification- agro- climatic zones and agro-ecological regions of India.
Theory Outline:
|
Sr. No.
|
Topic
|
No. of Lectures
|
|
1.
|
Meaning, scope and components of agricultural meteorology
|
2
|
|
2.
|
Importance of meteorological parameters in agriculture
|
3
|
|
3.
|
Efficiency of solar energy conversion into dry matter production
|
2
|
|
4.
|
Air pollution and its influence on vegetation
|
2
|
|
5.
|
Meteorological factors in photosynthesis, respiration and net assimilation
|
3
|
|
6.
|
Basic principles of water balance
|
2
|
|
7.
|
Soil-water balance models and water production functions
|
3
|
|
8.
|
Crop weather calenders
|
1
|
|
9.
|
Weather forecasts for agriculture
|
1
|
|
10.
|
Agromet advisories
|
1
|
|
11.
|
Weather forecasting techniques
|
1
|
|
12.
|
Drought- concepts and types
|
1
|
|
13.
|
Crop water stress index and crop stress detection
|
2
|
|
14.
|
Role of meteorological parameters in air pollution
|
2
|
|
15.
|
Crop-weather-pest interactions
|
2
|
|
16.
|
Meteorological aspects of forest fires and their control
|
1
|
|
17.
|
Concepts of statistical and simulation models
|
2
|
|
18.
|
Climatic change and agriculture
|
2
|
|
19.
|
Climate classification
|
1
|
|
20.
|
Agro-climatic zones and agro-ecological regions of India
|
2
|
|
Total
|
36
|
Syllabus Practical: Preparation of crop weather calendars. Development of simple regression models for weather, pest and disease relation in different crops. Preparation of weather based agro- advisories.
| Sr. No. |
Topic |
No. of Lectures |
|
1.
|
An introduction to different types of observatories
|
1
|
|
2.
|
Installation and working of Agrometeorological instruments
|
2
|
|
3.
|
A study of observations to be recorded in the Agrometeorological observatory
|
1
|
|
4.
|
Measurement of radiation distribution in a plant canopy
|
1
|
|
5.
|
Computation of different measures of atmospheric humidity
|
1
|
|
6.
|
Measurements of humidity in different crop canopies and its instrumentation
|
1
|
|
7.
|
Analysis of growth dynamics of crops
|
1
|
|
8.
|
Analysis of climatic parameters using statistical procedures
|
1
|
|
9.
|
Computation of agro-climatic indices for prediction of growth and yield of crops
|
1
|
|
10.
|
Preparation of crop weather calendars
|
1
|
|
11.
|
Computation of effective rainfall by different methods
|
1
|
|
12.
|
Computation of probability of occurrence of rainfall
|
1
|
|
13.
|
Analysis of drought and its management
|
1
|
|
14.
|
Preparation and dissemination of Agromet advisories
|
1
|
|
15.
|
Role of E-services in the dissemination of Agromet advisories
|
1
|
|
16.
|
Relationship between meteorological parameters and plant diseases
|
1
|
|
17.
|
Introduction to different pest forecasting models and their validation using meteorological data
|
1
|
|
18.
|
Forecasting crop yield from meteorological data using regression modeling technique
|
1
|
|
19.
|
Automatic Weather Station their working, principle and importance
|
1
|
|
20.
|
Agroclimatic zones of Punjab and India
|
2
|
|
Total
|
22
|
Course No. Agromet. 503
Course Title: Micrometeorology (2+1) Sem. II
Syllabus Theory : Properties of atmosphere. Exchange of mass and momentum. Similarity hypothesis, shearing stress and convection. Temperature instability, unstable and inversion layers. Variation in microclimate under bare ground, plant canopies under irrigated and rainfed conditions. Richardson number and Reynolds analogy. Exchange coefficients. Modification of microclimate. Radiation distribution in plant communities. Leaf temperature and its biological effects. Microclimate in low plant area of meadows, grain fields, forests, glass house and plastic houses. Instruments and measuring techniques in micrometeorology. Effects of ambient weather conditions on growth, development and yield of crops. Energy balance over crops.Remote sensing in relation to micrometeorology.
Theory Outline:
|
Sr. No.
|
Topic
|
No. of Lectures
|
|
1.
|
Properties of atmosphere
|
2
|
|
2.
|
Exchange of mass and momentum
|
3
|
|
3.
|
Similarity hypothesis
|
2
|
|
4.
|
Shearing stress
|
1
|
|
5.
|
Convection
|
2
|
|
6.
|
Temperature instability, unstable and inversion layers
|
2
|
|
7.
|
Variation in microclimate under bare ground, plant canopies under irrigated and rainfed conditions
|
3
|
|
8.
|
Richardson number and Reynolds analogy
|
2
|
|
9.
|
Exchange coefficients
|
2
|
|
10.
|
Modification of microclimate
|
2
|
|
11.
|
Radiation distribution in plant communities
|
2
|
|
12.
|
Leaf temperature and its biological effects
|
2
|
|
13.
|
Microclimate in low plant area of meadows, grain fields, forests, glass house and plastic houses
|
3
|
|
14.
|
Instruments and measuring techniques in micrometeorology
|
2
|
|
15.
|
Effects of ambient weather conditions on growth, development and yield of crops
|
2
|
|
16.
|
Energy balance over crops
|
2
|
|
17.
|
Remote sensing in relation to micrometeorology
|
2
|
|
Total
|
36
|
Syllabus Practical: Micrometeorological measurements in crop canopies. Quantification of crop microclimate. Measurement of net radiation, albedo, global and diffuse radiation. PAR distribution in plant canopies and interception. Wind, temperature and humidity profiles. ET computation.
Practical Outline:
|
Sr. No
|
Topic
|
No. of Lectures
|
|
1.
|
Exposure of various instruments installed at Agrometeorological Observatory
|
1
|
|
2.
|
Acquaint the students about various instruments used for measurement of solar radiation within the crops
|
1
|
|
3.
|
Measurement of net radiation within crop canopies
|
1
|
|
4.
|
Measurement of albedo, global and diffuse radition within crop canopies
|
2
|
|
5.
|
Measurement of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) within crop canopies
|
1
|
|
6.
|
Estimation of percent of PAR to SWR available to crops
|
1
|
|
7.
|
Measurement of depletion of solar radiation within crop canopy
|
1
|
|
8.
|
Measurement of relative humidity profile within crop canopies
|
1
|
|
9.
|
Measurement of canopy temperature from different surfaces
|
1
|
|
10.
|
Measurement of wind speed profile within and outside of crop canopies
|
1
|
|
11.
|
Measurement of soil temperature at different depths from crop canopies
|
1
|
|
12.
|
Effect of different type of mulches on field microclimate
|
2
|
|
13.
|
Effect of shelter belts on microclimate of field crops
|
2
|
|
14.
|
Effect of leaf size and wind speed on the convection of sensible heat
|
1
|
|
15.
|
Effect of leaf size, wind speed and cloud cover on dew point temperature and relative humidity
|
1
|
|
16.
|
Computation of Bowen ratio energy balance from meteorological data
|
2
|
|
17.
|
Computation of potential evapotranspiration using various empirical methods
|
1
|
|
18.
|
Computation of potential evapotranspiration using Penman method
|
1
|
|
19.
|
Computation of potential evapotranspiration using Modified Penman method
|
1
|
|
Total
|
22
|
Course No. Agromet. 504
Course Title: Agrometeorological Measurements and Instrumentation 2+1 Sem. I
Theory: Fundamentals of measurement techniques. Theory and working principles of barometers, thermometers, psychrometers, hair hygrometer, thermohygrograph, radiation and temperature instruments, pressure bomb apparatus, precipitation and dew instruments, wind instruments, porometer, photosynthesis system, leaf area meter, soil thermometers and soil heat flux plates. Automatic weather station. Computation and interpretation of data.
Theory Outline:
|
Sr. No.
|
Topic
|
Number of Lectures
|
|
1.
|
Fundamentals of measurement techniques
|
2
|
|
2.
|
Atmospheric Pressure, theory and working principles of barometers
|
2
|
|
3.
|
Thermometers- construction, working and principle
|
2
|
|
4.
|
Different type of psychrometers
|
2
|
|
5.
|
Theory and working principles of Hair hygrometers
|
2
|
|
6.
|
Construction, working and principle of Thermohygrograph
|
2
|
|
7.
|
Different type of radiation instruments
|
2
|
|
8.
|
Pressure bomb apparatus-construction and working
|
1
|
|
9.
|
Precipitation and dew instruments
|
2
|
|
10.
|
Basics and working of different wind instruments
|
2
|
|
11.
|
Construction, working and principle of porometer
|
2
|
|
12.
|
Photosynthesis system- Working and Construction
|
2
|
|
13.
|
Different types of leaf area meter
|
2
|
|
14.
|
Construction and working of different soil thermometers
|
2
|
|
15.
|
Basics of soil heat flux plates, construction, working and principle
|
2
|
|
16.
|
Automatic weather station
|
1
|
|
17.
|
Computation and interpretation of data
|
2
|
|
Total
|
32
|
Syllabus Practical: Working with the above instruments in the meteorological observatory, taking observations of relevant parameters. Exposure and operation of meteorological instruments/equipments in agromet observatories. Computation and interpretation of the data.
Practical Outline:
|
Sr.No
|
Topic
|
No. of Lectures
|
|
1.
|
Visit to an agrometeorological observatory, construction and working of different instruments installed in Observatory
|
1
|
|
2.
|
Recording and tabulation of data from different instruments installed in observatory
|
2
|
|
3.
|
Measurement of canopy temperature using Infrared thermometer
|
1
|
|
4.
|
Measurement of wind speed using Anemometer
|
1
|
|
5.
|
Measurement of short wave radiation within crop canopy
|
1
|
|
6.
|
Measurement of photosynthetically active radiation within crop canopy
|
1
|
|
7.
|
Computation of radiation interception
|
1
|
|
8.
|
Measurement of net radiation within crop canopy
|
1
|
|
9.
|
Measurement of soil heat flux using soil heat flux plates
|
1
|
|
10.
|
Measurement of relative humidity within crop canopy using psychron
|
1
|
|
11.
|
Measurement of leaf area within different crop canopies
|
1
|
|
12.
|
Measurement of atmospheric pressure using barometer
|
1
|
|
13.
|
Measurement of photosynthetic rate using photosynthesis system
|
1
|
|
14.
|
Working of automatic weather station
|
1
|
|
15.
|
Computation and interpretation of the data
|
1
|
|
Total
|
16
|
Course No. Agromet 505
Course Title: Soil Water Balance Climatology (2+1) Sem II
Syllabus Theory: Basic laws of radiation, radiation interaction with plant environment. Energy balance in atmosphere and crop canopy. Fundamentals of soil water movement and fluid flow. Soil heat concepts. Theories and methods of ET estimation. Concepts of potential, reference and actual evapotranspiration - modified techniques. Influence of microclimatic, plant, soil and cultural factors on ET. Techniques of lysimetry in measuring actual ET. Yield functions, water use efficiency and scheduling of irrigation based on ET. Water use efficiency and anti-transpirants. Dry matter yield, ET functions. Advanced techniques for measurement of radiation and energy balance; computation of KC values and their use. Modeling for potential ET & reference ET and ET through remote sensing.
Theory Outline:
|
Sr. No.
|
Topic
|
No. of Lectures
|
|
1.
|
Basic laws of radiation
|
2
|
|
2.
|
Radiation interaction with plant environment
|
2
|
|
3.
|
Energy balance in atmosphere and crop canopy
|
2
|
|
4.
|
Fundamentals of soil water movement and fluid flow
|
3
|
|
5.
|
Soil heat concepts
|
2
|
|
6.
|
Theories and methods of ET estimation
|
2
|
|
7.
|
Concepts of potential, reference and actual evapotranspiration - modified techniques
|
2
|
|
8.
|
Influence of microclimatic, plant, soil and cultural factors on ET
|
2
|
|
9.
|
Techniques of lysimetry in measuring actual ET
|
2
|
|
10.
|
Dry matter Yield – ET functions
|
2
|
|
11.
|
Water use efficiency
|
2
|
|
12.
|
Water use efficiency and anti-transpirants
|
2
|
|
13.
|
Scheduling of irrigation based on ET
|
2
|
|
14.
|
Advanced techniques for measurement of radiation and energy balance
|
3
|
|
15.
|
Computation of KC values and their use
|
2
|
|
16.
|
Modeling for potential ET & reference ET
|
2
|
|
17.
|
ET estimation through remote sensing
|
2
|
|
Total
|
36
|
Syllabus Practical: Measurement and evaluation of radiation components. Computation and comparison of evapotranspiration by different methods - energy balance method, aerodynamic method, Penman method, remote sensing and other methods. Measurement of wind and temperature profiles near the ground.
Practical Outline:
| Sr. No. |
Topic |
No. of Lectures |
|
1.
|
Measurement of daily rate of evaporation
|
1
|
|
2.
|
Measurement of actual evapotranspiration from crop field using a lysimeter.
|
1
|
|
3.
|
Measurement of soil water content by gravimetric and neutron probe technique
|
1
|
|
4.
|
Measurement of soil moisture depletion in the crop field
|
1
|
|
5.
|
Computation of potential evapotranspiration from climatological data using empirical formulae
|
1
|
|
6.
|
Computation of potential evapotranspiration from climatological data using combination approach
|
1
|
|
7.
|
Computation of reference crop evapotranspiration by FAO Penman-Monteith method
|
1
|
|
8.
|
Estimation of potential evapotranspiration by micrometeorological methods
|
1
|
|
9.
|
Computation of Bowen ratio energy balance from the meteorological data
|
1
|
|
10.
|
Forecasting yield of crops from evapotranspiration using regression modelling technique
|
1
|
|
11.
|
Computation of crop water stress index (CWSI) for monitoring water status and scheduling irrigation
|
1
|
|
12.
|
Computation of Water Requirement Satisfaction Index (WRSI) for assessment of crop yield
|
1
|
|
13.
|
Irrigation scheduling of crops based on evapotranspiration
|
1
|
|
14.
|
Measurement of consumptive water use by a crop
|
1
|
|
15.
|
Estimation of evapotranspiration from evaporation data
|
1
|
|
16.
|
Computation of crop coefficient at different phenological stages of the crop
|
1
|
|
17.
|
Computation of water use efficiency of different crops
|
1
|
|
18.
|
Study of climatic water balance of an area
|
1
|
|
19.
|
Computation of stress degree days (SDD) of the crops using remote sensing technique
|
1
|
|
20.
|
Estimation of evapotranspiration by using remote sensing methods
|
1
|
|
Total
|
20
|
Course No. Agromet. 506
Course Title: Crop Weather Models (2+1) Sem. I
Syllabus Theory: Basic concepts and definitions related to modelling. Principles of crop production. Evaluation of crop responses to weather elements. Impact of natural and induced variability of climate on crop production. Empirical and statistical crop weather models, their application with examples. Regression models incorporating weather, soil, plant and other environmental related parameters and remote sensing inputs. Growth and yield prediction models. Crop simulation models-DSSAT models, WOFOST, SPAW, INFOCROP etc. Yield forecasting models, insect forecasting and disease forecasting models. Testing of models-Verification, calibration, sensitivity analysis and validation of models.
Theory Outline:
|
Sr. No.
|
Title
|
No. of Lectures
|
|
1.
|
Basic concepts and definitions related to modelling.
|
2
|
|
2.
|
Principles of crop production
|
2
|
|
3.
|
Evaluation of crop responses to weather elements
|
2
|
|
4.
|
Impact of natural and induced variability of climate on crop production
|
2
|
|
5.
|
Empirical and statistical crop weather models and their application with examples.
|
3
|
|
6.
|
Regression models
|
2
|
|
7.
|
Incorporating weather, soil, plant and other environmental related parameters in models
|
3
|
|
8.
|
Remote sensing inputs in models
|
2
|
|
9.
|
Growth and yield prediction models
|
2
|
|
10.
|
Crop simulation models
|
2
|
|
11.
|
DSSAT
|
2
|
|
12.
|
WOFOST
|
2
|
|
13.
|
SPAW
|
2
|
|
14.
|
INFOCROP
|
2
|
|
15.
|
Yield forecasting models
|
2
|
|
16.
|
Insect Forecasting and diseases forecasting models
|
2
|
|
17.
|
Testing of models- Verification, calibration, sensitivity analysis and validation of models
|
2
|
|
Total
|
36
|
Practical: Working with statistical and simulation models, DSSAT models, BRASSICA etc.
Practical Outline:
|
Sr. No.
|
Topic
|
No. of Lectures
|
|
1.
|
Tools to buildup flow of information in a model – Flow chart
|
1
|
|
2.
|
Tools to buildup flow of information in a model – Relational Diagram
|
1
|
|
3.
|
Basics of FORTRAN Programming
|
1
|
|
4.
|
Error removal and data cleaning in MS Excel
|
2
|
|
5.
|
Formulation of Static Model
|
1
|
|
6.
|
Building up the relationship between pest population and weather parameters
|
1
|
|
7.
|
FAO- ETo Calculator : Computation of reference crop evapotranspiration
|
2
|
|
8.
|
AquaCrop model: Computation of crop water productivity
|
2
|
|
9.
|
DSSAT model: Preparation of weather data file using solar radiation and sun shine hours data
|
2
|
|
10.
|
DSSAT model: Preparation of soil profile data file
|
2
|
|
11.
|
DSSAT model: Preparation of crop management file
|
2
|
|
12.
|
DSSAT model: Preparation of Genotype file
|
2
|
|
13.
|
DSSAT model: Preparation of Crop management file with additional information
|
2
|
|
14.
|
DSSAT model: Inclusions of environment modification file
|
1
|
|
15.
|
CropSyst software: Installation of the software
|
1
|
|
16.
|
InfoCrop model : Simulation of new project file
|
1
|
|
17.
|
APSIM model: Preparation of weather file
|
1
|
|
18.
|
Web based decision support system for late blight of potato
|
1
|
|
19.
|
Development of weather based COTFLY expert system for Punjab
|
1
|
|
Total
|
27
|
Course No. Agromet. 507
Course Title: Weather Modification and Risk Management Strategies (2+0) Sem. II
Weather modification- historical review, present status and theories. Atmospheric composition and green house effect. Scientific advances in clouds and electrical behaviour of clouds. Modification of weather hazards. Modification of field microclimate. Protection of plants against climatic hazards. Meteorological conditions in artificial and controlled climates. Risks in agricultural production, history, trends and strategies, preparedness for weather and climate risks. Risk characterization - definitions and classification in agriculture. Risks related with water, radiation/heat, air, biomass, social and economic risk factors related to weather and climate. Methods for risk assessment and application to agricultural systems. Application of risk management approaches to weather and climate problems. Application of methods that permit the incorporation of seasonal and long-term forecasts into the risk assessment models.
Lecture Outline:
|
Sr. No.
|
Topic
|
No. of Lectures
|
-
|
Weather modification-Definition and basic aspects
|
2
|
-
|
Weather modification- historical review, present status and theories
|
2
|
-
|
Atmospheric composition and green house effect
|
2
|
-
|
Scientific advances in clouds and electrical behavior of clouds
|
3
|
-
|
Modification of weather hazards
|
2
|
-
|
Modification of field microclimate
|
2
|
-
|
Protection of plants against climatic hazards
|
2
|
-
|
Meteorological conditions in artificial and controlled climates
|
2
|
-
|
Risks in agricultural production, history, trends and strategies.
|
2
|
-
|
Preparedness for weather and climate risks
|
2
|
-
|
Risk characterization - definitions and classification in agriculture
|
3
|
-
|
Risks related with water, radiation/heat, air, biomass, social and economic risk factors related to weather and climate
|
4
|
-
|
Methods for risk assessment and application to agricultural systems
|
2
|
-
|
Application of risk management approaches to weather and climate problems
|
3
|
-
|
Application of methods that permit the incorporation of seasonal and long-term forecasts into the risk assessment models
|
3
|
|
Total
|
36
|
Course No. Agromet. 508
Course Title: Principles of Remote Sensing and their Applications in Agriculture (2+1) Sem. I
Syllabus Theory: Basic components of remote sensing. Characteristics of electromagnetic radiation and its interaction with matter. Spectral features of earth's surface. Sensor Systems. Data acquisition system, data pre-processing, storage and dissemination. Digital image processing and information extraction. Fundamental of aerial photographs. Microwave remote sensing. Visual and digital image interpretation. Introduction to GIS and GPS. Application of Remote Sensing Techniques-crop identification, crop stress detection, yield forecasting, soil moisture, air temperature assessment, drought monitoring, wasteland identification, management & monitoring of crop disease and pest infestation. Analysis of spatial & temporal variability in soils, agroclimatic regionalization.
Theory Outline:
|
Sr. No.
|
Topic
|
No. of Lectures
|
|
1.
|
Basic components of remote sensing
|
2
|
|
2.
|
Characteristics of electromagnetic radiation and its interaction with matter
|
2
|
|
3.
|
Spectral features of earth's surface features
|
2
|
|
4.
|
Sensor Systems
|
2
|
|
5.
|
Data acquisition system
|
3
|
|
6.
|
Data pre-processing, storage and dissemination
|
2
|
|
7.
|
Digital image processing and information extraction
|
3
|
|
8.
|
Fundamental of aerial photographs
|
2
|
|
9.
|
Microwave remote sensing
|
2
|
|
10.
|
Visual and digital image interpretation
|
2
|
|
11.
|
Introduction to GIS and GPS
|
2
|
|
12.
|
Application of Remote Sensing Techniques-crop identification, crop stress detection, yield forecasting, soil moisture, air temperature assessment
|
3
|
|
13.
|
Drought monitoring and wasteland identification
|
3
|
|
14.
|
Management & monitoring of crop disease and pest infestation
|
2
|
|
15.
|
Analysis of spatial & temporal variability in soils
|
2
|
|
16.
|
Agroclimatic regionalization
|
2
|
|
Total
|
36
|
Practical: Field data collection. Map and imagery scales. S/W and H/W requirements and specifications.Data products, their specifications, media types, data inputs, transformation, display types, image enhancement. Image classification methods. Evaluation of classification errors. Crop discrimination and acreage estimations. Differentiation of different degraded soils. Time domain reflectometry. Use of spectrometer and computation of vegetation indices. Demonstration of case studies. Hands on training.
Practical Outline:
|
Sr. No.
|
Topic
|
No. of lectures
|
|
1.
|
Ground-Truth Data Collection for image interpretation and processing
|
1
|
|
2.
|
Estimation of sensible heat flux from natural surfaces
|
1
|
|
3.
|
Computation of and radiation emission by recording surface temperatures
|
1
|
|
4.
|
Measurement of different components of solar radiation from different crop
|
1
|
|
5.
|
Prediction of crop yield using canopy temperature based indices
|
1
|
|
6.
|
Detection of water stress in crops using remote sensing technique
|
1
|
|
7.
|
Measurement of spectral reflectance characteristics of different surfaces using spectroradiometer
|
1
|
|
8.
|
Computation of the vegetation indices from the radiometric data
|
1
|
|
9.
|
Estimation of evapotranspiration using remotely sensed data
|
1
|
|
10.
|
Crop yield forecasting using agrometeorological spectral models
|
1
|
|
11.
|
Computation of surface energy balance in a crop canopy
|
1
|
|
12.
|
Role of meteorological satellites in weather forecasting
|
1
|
|
13.
|
An Introduction to the Remote Sensing data products
|
1
|
|
14.
|
Identification of features of aerial photograph and tracing their details using stereoscope
|
1
|
|
15.
|
Preparation of the base map from the topographic sheets
|
1
|
|
16.
|
Determination of Scale of map and satellite imagery
|
1
|
|
17.
|
Basics of Geographical Information System
|
1
|
|
18.
|
Global Positioning System (GPS) and its applications agricultural research
|
1
|
|
19.
|
Visual Image Interpretation and analysis
|
1
|
|
20.
|
Digital Image Interprétation – Image Classification
|
1
|
|
21.
|
Image Processing Software: An overview of ILWIS
|
1
|
|
22.
|
Image Processing Software: An overview of ENVI
|
1
|
|
23.
|
Image Processing Software: An overview of Geomatica
|
1
|
| Total |
23 |
Course No. Agromet. 509
Course Title: Applied Agricultural Climatology (2+1) Sem. II
Syllabus Theory: Climatic statistics. Assessment of frequency of disastrous events. Hydrological cycle. Climatic water budget. Potential and actual ET. Calculation of water surplus and deficit. Computation of daily and monthly water budget and their applications. Assessment of dry and wet spells, available soil moisture, moisture adequacy index and their applications. Thermal indices and phenology. Cardinal temperatures. Growing degree day concept and applications. Crop weather calendars. Agroclimatic requirements of crops. Bioclimatic concepts- evaluation of human comfort, indices and clothing insulation. Climate housing and site orientation. Climatic normals for animal production.
Theory Outline:
|
Sr. No.
|
Topic
|
No. of Lectures
|
|
1.
|
Introduction to general climatology
|
1
|
|
2.
|
Exposure to Climatic Statistics, climate change statistics of different regions
|
2
|
|
3.
|
Introduction to extreme weather events
|
1
|
|
4.
|
Introduction to different disasters, disaster management
|
2
|
|
5.
|
Assessment of frequency of disastrous events from historical data
|
1
|
|
6.
|
Exposure to hydrological cycle, factors affecting hydrological cycle, water related disasters
|
2
|
|
7.
|
Exposure to Climatic water budget
|
1
|
|
8.
|
Calculation of water budget in different crops
|
1
|
|
9.
|
Acquaintance to potential and actual ET
|
1
|
|
10.
|
Exposure to water surplus and deficit in different crops and areas
|
1
|
|
11.
|
Climatic normal and cardinal temperatures of different crops
|
1
|
|
12.
|
Computation of daily and monthly water budget and their applications
|
2
|
|
13.
|
Assessment of dry and wet spells, available soil moisture, moisture adequacy index and their applications.
|
2
|
|
14.
|
Acquaintance to thermal indices and phenology of different field crops, relationship between temperature and phenology of field crops
|
2
|
|
15.
|
Introduction to Growing degree day concept and its applications
|
1
|
|
16.
|
Exposure to Crop weather calendars
|
1
|
|
17.
|
Use of crop weather calendars in weather forecasting
|
1
|
|
18.
|
Agroclimatic requirements of different field crops
|
2
|
|
19.
|
Bioclimatic concepts- evaluation of human comfort indices and clothing insulation
|
1
|
|
20.
|
Calculation of different comfort indices
|
1
|
|
21.
|
Climate housing and site orientation for humans and animals
|
2
|
|
22.
|
Climatic normal for livestock and poultry production, effect of climate on animal life cycles
|
2
|
|
Total
|
31
|
Syllabus Practical: Statistical approaches in data analysis. Preparation of climatic water budget. Estimation of agro-meteorological variables using historical records. Degree day concept and phenology forecasting, crop calendar and climograph. Weather-pest-disease interactions, calculation of continentality factors and comfort indices.
Practical Oultine:
|
Sr. No.
|
Topic
|
No. of Lectures
|
|
1
|
Assessment of climatic water budget and length of growing period for different agroclimatic zones of Punjab.
|
1
|
|
2
|
Use of statistical approaches in climatological data analysis
|
1
|
|
3
|
Agroclimatic models for prediction of growth and yield of crops
|
1
|
|
4
|
Preparation of crop weather calendar and charts.
|
1
|
|
5
|
Computation of solar radiation from sunshine hours
|
1
|
|
6
|
Determination of wind chill factor for wind chill effect on human
|
1
|
|
7
|
Relationships between meteorological parameters and plant diseases
|
1
|
|
8
|
Computation of Comfort indices based on temperature and humidity
|
1
|
|
9
|
Preparation and analysis of climograph
|
1
|
|
10
|
Computation of continentality factor to characterize the climate of an area
|
1
|
|
11
|
Analysis of and prediction of climatological parameters by using frequency distribution
|
1
|
|
12
|
Measurement and significance of average depth of rainfall over an area
|
1
|
|
13
|
Testing the homogeneity in the rainfall data of a location
|
1
|
|
14
|
Estimation of dry and wet spell occurrence from initial and conditional rainfall probabilities by Markov Chain Analysis
|
1
|
|
15
|
Analyzing homogeneity in rainfall data by Mann-Kendal Rank Test
|
1
|
|
16
|
Computation of Generalized Monsoon Index(GMI) and Yield Moisture Index(YMI)
|
1
|
|
17
|
Computation of variations in rainfall
|
1
|
|
18
|
Empirical frequency analysis of rainfall by simple rank probability method
|
1
|
|
19
|
Agroclimatic regions of India
|
1
|
|
20
|
Agro ecological regions of India and Punjab
|
1
|
|
Total
|
20
|
Course No: AGM 501
Course Title: Fundamentals of Meteorology
Credit hours: (2+1) Semester: I
Theory
UNIT I: Solar radiation and laws of radiation, greenhouse effect, albedo, and heat balance of the earth and atmosphere, variation in pressure and temperature with height, potential temperature, pressure gradient, cyclonic and anticyclonic motions, geostrophic and gradient winds, equations of motion, general circulation, turbulence, vorticity, atmospheric waves.
UNIT II: Gas laws, laws of thermodynamics and their application to atmosphere, water vapour in the atmosphere, various humidity parameters and their interrelationships, vapour pressure, psychrometric equation, saturation deficit. Lapse rates-ascent of dry and moist air, stability and instability conditions in the atmosphere.
UNIT III: Agromet observatory and analysis of weather data. Condensation, clouds and their classification. Evaporation and rainfall, the hydrological cycle, precipitation processes, artificial rainmaking, thunderstorms and dust storm, haze, mist, fog, and dew. Air masses and fronts,
tropical and extra-tropical cyclones.
UNIT IV: Effect of Earth's rotation on zonal distribution of radiation, rainfall, temperature, and wind, the trade winds, equatorial trough and its movement.
UNIT V: Monsoon and its origin, Indian monsoon and its seasonal aspects- Onset, advancement and retreat of monsoon in different parts of India, Walker and Hadley cell, El Nino,La Nina, Southern Oscillation Index and their impact on monsoon.
Practical: Agromet observatory- different classes of observatories (A,B,C). Site selection and installation procedures for meteorological instruments. Measurement of weather parameters. Reading and recording, calculation of daily, weekly, monthly means. Totals of weather data.Weather chart preparation and identification of low pressure systems and ridges. Statistical techniques for computation of climatic normals, moving average, etc.
Course No: AGM 502
Course Title: Fundamentals of Agricultural Meteorology
Credit hours: (2+1) Semester: II
Theory:
UNIT I: Meaning and scope of agricultural meteorology, components of agricultural meteorology, role and responsibilities of agricultural meteorologists.
UNITII: Importance of meteorological parameters in agriculture. Efficiency of solar energy conversion into dry matter production, meteorological factors in photosynthesis, respiration and net assimilation, basic principles of water balance in ecosystems. Soil- water balance models and water production functions.
UNIT III: Crop weather calendars, weather forecasts for agriculture at short, medium and long range levels, agromet advisories, preparation, dissemination and economic impact analysis. Use of satellite imageries in weather forecasting, synoptic charts and synoptic approach to weather forecasting.
UNIT IV: Concept, definition, types of drought and their causes, prediction of drought, crop water stress index, crop stress detection, air pollution and its influence on vegetation, meteorological aspects of forest fires and their control
UNIT V: Climate change, green house effect, CO 2 increase, global warming and their impact on agriculture, climate classification, agro-climatic zones and agro-ecological regions of India.
Practical: Preparation of crop weather calendars. Development of simple regression models for weather, pest and disease relation in different crops. Preparation of weather based agro-advisories. Use of automated weather station (AWS).
Course No.: AGM 503
Course Title: Crop-Weather Relationships
Credit hours: (2+0) Semester: I
Contents:
UNIT I: Understanding the influence of weather elements on crop growth, impact of climatic variability and extremes on crop production, climatic normals for crop production.
UNIT II: Climatic requirements of major crops, temperature effect on crop growth, radiation impact and radiation utilization efficiency , humidity effect on crop performance, effect of soil temperature on seed germination and root growth, wind variation and crop growth.
UNIT III: Meteorological indices to predict crop production. Interpretation of weather forecasts for various agricultural operations towards improved productivity, crop-weather relationship in dryland areas. Crop weather relationship of major horticultural crops of the region and agroforestry system.
UNITIV: Rhizosphere and microorganisms in relation to weather, fertilizer and water use efficiency in relation to weather.
Course No: AGM 504
Course Title: Agro-Meteorological Measurements and Instrumentation
Credit hours: (1+2) Semester: II
Contents:
UNIT I: Fundamentals of measurement techniques, theory and working principles of barometer, thermometer, psychrometer, hair hygrometer, thermohygrograph, exposure and operation of meteorological instruments/ equipments in agromet observatories.
UNIT II: Radiation and temperature measuring instruments- working principles of pyranometer, albedometer, photometer, spectro-radiometer, sunshine recorder, dew recorder, quantum sensors, pressure bomb apparatus, thermographs, and infra-red thermometer.
UNIT III: Precipitation and dew instruments: working principles of rain gauge, self recording rain gauge, Duvdevani dew gauges.Wind instruments- working principles of anemometer, wind vane, anemograph.
UNIT IV: Evapotranspiration and photosynthesis instruments- working principles of lysimeters, open pan evaporimeters,porometer, photosynthesis system, leaf area meter.
UNIT V: Boundary layer fluxes, flux tower, soil heat flux plates, instruments to measure soil moisture and soil temperature.
UNIT VI: Automatic weather station – data logger and sensors, nano-sensors for measurement of weather variables, computation and interpretation of data.
Practical
Working with the above instruments in the meteorological observatory, fields and laboratory, Recording observations of relevant parameters. Computation and interpretation of the data, Analysis of AWS data.
Course No: AGM 505
Course Title: Crop Micrometeorology
Credit hours: (2+1) Semester: II
Contents:
UNIT I: Properties of atmosphere near the Earth's surface, exchange of mass momentum and energy between surface and overlaying atmosphere, exchange coefficient, similarity hypothesis, shearing stress, forced and free convection.
UNIT II: Molecular and eddy transport of heat, water vapour and momentum, frictional effects, eddy diffusion, mixing, zero plane displacement, temperature instability, eddy covariance technique, microclimate near the bare ground, unstable and inversion layers, variation in microclimate under irrigated and rainfed conditions, soil moisture and temperature variation with depth, non–dimensional numbers (Richardson number, Reynold number, Rossby number, Rayleigh number etc.), Exchange coefficients.
UNIT III: Micrometeorology of plant canopies; distribution of temperature, humidity, vapour pressure, wind and carbon dioxide. Modification of microclimate due to cultural practices, intercropping, radiation distribution and utilization by plant communities, leaf temperature and its biological effects. Influence of topography on microclimate, shelter belts and wind breaks, microclimate in low plant area of meadows and grain fields, microclimate within forests, glass house and plastic house climates. Instruments and measuring techniques in micrometeorology.
UNIT IV: Effects of ambient weather conditions on growth, development and yield of crops. Measurement of global and diffused radiation, measurement of albedo over natural surfaces and cropped surfaces. Net radiation measurement at different levels, PAR distribution in plant canopies and interception. Wind, temperature and humidity profiles in (a) short crops and (b) tall crops, energy balance over crops and LAI and biomass estimation. Remote sensing and its application in relation to micrometeorology.
Practical: Micrometerological measurements in crop canopies. Quantification of crop microclimate. Determination of ET and its computation by different methods.
Course No: AGM 506
Course Title: Evapotranspiration and Soil Water Balance
Credit hours: (2+1) Semester: II
Contents:
UNIT I: Energy concept of soil water, hydraulic conductivity and soil water flux, theory on hydraulic conductivity in saturated and unsaturated soils. Physical factors concerning water movement in soil, concepts on evaporation, evapotranspiration, potential and actual evapotranspiration.
UNIT II: Theories of evapotranspiration and their comparison, aerodynamic, eddy correlation, energy balance, water balance and other methods, their application under different agroclimatic conditions. Concepts of potential, reference and actual evapotranspiration - modified techniques.
UNIT III: Influence of microclimatic and cultural factors on soil water balance, techniques of lysimetry in measuring actual evapotranspiration. Water use efficiency and scheduling of irrigation based on evapotranspiration. Water use efficiency and antitranspirants, computation of Kc values and their use. Irrigation scheduling based on climatological approaches.
UNIT IV: Yield functions, water use efficiency and scheduling of irrigation based on evapotranspiration. Dry matter yield ET functions. Radiation instruments, advanced techniques for measurement of radiation and energy balance. Estimation of evapotranspiration through remote sensing.
Practical: Measurement of various components of soil water balance. Evaluation of hydraulic conductivity vs. soil moisture relationship by water balance approach. Computation and comparison of evapotranspiration by different methods - energy balance method, aerodynamic method, Penman method, remote sensing and other methods. Soil moisture retention characteristics by pressure plate method.
Course No: AGM 507
Course Title: Crop Weather Models
Credit hours: (1+2) Semester: I
Contents:
UNIT I: Principles of crop production, effect of weather elements on crop responses. Impact of natural and induced variability of climate on crop production.
UNIT II: Introduction and application to crop modeling, types of models. Empirical and statistical crop weather models their application with examples, concept of crop growth model in relation to weather, soil, plant and other environmental related parameters and remote sensing inputs, growth and yield prediction models.
UNIT III: Dynamic crop simulation models, e.g. DSSAT, InfoCrop, APSIM, CropSyst, etc. optimization, calibration and validation of models. Weather data and physiology-based approaches to modeling of crop growth and yield. Forecasting of pests and diseases. Stochastic models, advantages and limitations of modeling.
Practical: Working with statistical and simulation models, DSSAT models, InfoCrop, Oryza, etc.
Course No: AGM 508
Course Title: Applied Agricultural Climatology
Credit hours: (1+2)
Semester: I
Theory:
UNIT I: Climatic statistics- measures of central tendency and variability, skewness, kurtosis,homogeneity, correlation, regression and moving averages. Probability analysis using normal,
binomial, Markov-chain and incomplete gamma distribution. Parametric and non parametric tests. Assessment of frequency of disastrous events.
UNIT II: Precipitation indices. Climatic water budget. Potential and actual evapotranspiration and their computation. Measurement of precipitation, calculation of water surplus and deficit,computation of daily and monthly water budget and their applications. Assessment of dry and wet spells, available soil moisture, moisture adequacy index and their applications.
UNIT III: Thermal indices and phenology. Cardinal temperatures, heat unit and growing degree day concepts for crop phenology, crop growth and development. Insect-pest development. Crop weather calendars. Agroclimatic requirement of crops.
UNIT IV: Bioclimatic concepts- evaluation of human comfort, comfort indices (temperature, humidity index and wind chill) and clothing insulation. Climate housing and site orientation. Climatic normals for animal production.
Practical: Use of statistical approaches in data analysis. Preparation of climatic water budget. Estimation of agro-meteorological variables using historical records. Degree day concept and phenology forecasting and preparation of crop calendar. Evaluation of radiation, wind and shading effects in site selection and orientation. Study of weather-pest and disease interactions, calculation of continentality factors, calculation of comfort indices and preparation of climograph.
Course No: AGM 509
Course Title: Weather Forecasting
Credit hours: (2+1) Semester: I
Contents:
UNIT I: Weather forecasting system- definition, scope and importance. Types of forecasting, short, medium and long-range; study of synoptic charts with special reference to location of highs and lows, jet streams, synoptic features and weather anomalies and zones of thermal advection and interpretation of satellite pictures of clouds in visible and infra-red range. Weather forecasting network.
UNIT II: Approaches for weather forecasts. Methods of weather forecasts - synoptic, numerical prediction, statistical, analogue, persistence and climatological approach, nano- technological approach, Indigenous Technical Knowledge (ITK) base - signals from flora, fauna, insects, birds, animals behaviour. Various methods of verification of location- specific weather forecast.
UNIT III: Special forecasts- special forecasts for natural calamities such as drought, floods, high winds, cold (frost) and heat waves, hail storms, cyclones and protection measures against such hazards.
UNIT IV: Modification of weather hazards. Weather modification for agriculture. Scientific advances in artificial rain making, hail suppression, dissipation of fog and stratus clouds, modification of severe storms and electric behavior of clouds.
UNIT V: Weather based advisories- interpretation of weather forecasts for soil moisture, farm operations, pest and disease development and epidemics, crops and livestock production, preparation of weather-based advisories and dissemination.
Practical: Exercise on weather forecasting for various applications. Preparation of weather-based agro-advisories based on weather forecast using various approaches and synoptic charts.
Course No: AGM 510
Course Title: RS and GIS Applications In Agricultural Meteorology
Credit hours: (2+1) Semester: I
Theory
UNIT I: Basic components of remote sensing- signals, sensors and sensing systems, active and
passive remote sensing.
UNITII: Characteristics of electromagnetic radiation and its interaction with matter, spectral features of earth's surface features, remote sensors in visible, infrared and microwave regions.
UNIT III: Imaging and non-imaging systems, framing and scanning systems, resolution of sensors, sensor platforms, their launching and maintenance. Drone technology.
UNIT IV: Data acquisition system, data pre processing, storage and dissemination, digital image processing and information extraction.
UNIT V: Microwave remote sensing, visual and digital image interpretation. Introduction to GIS and GPS.
UNIT VI: Digital techniques for crop discrimination and identification, crop stress detection - soil moisture assessment, inventory of ground water and satellite measurement of surface soil moisture and temperature. Drought monitoring, monitoring of crop disease and pest infestation.
Use of satellite data in weather forecasting.
UNIT VII: Soil resource inventory, land use/land cover mapping and planning. Integrated watershed development. Crop yield modeling and crop production forecasting.
Practical: Acquisition of maps. Field data collection. Map and imagery scales. S/W and H/W requirements and specifications for remote sensing. Data products, their specifications, media types, data inputs, transformation, display types, image enhancement. Image classification methods. Evaluation of classification errors. Crop discrimination and acreage estimations. Differentiation of different degraded soils. Time domain reflectometry. Use of spectrometer and computation of vegetation indices. Demonstration of case studies. Hands on training.
Doctral Courses
Course No. Agromet. 601
Course Title: Advanced Weather Forecasting (3+0) Sem. I
Syllabus: Weather forecasting - definition, importance, scope and types. Study of synoptic charts, jet streams, synoptic features and weather anomalies and zones of thermal advection and interpretation of satellite pictures of clouds. Weather forecasting network. Approaches of weather forecasts. Indigenous Technical Knowledge. Weather based advisories. Interpretation of weather forecasts for soil moisture, farm operations, pest and disease development and epidemics, crops and livestock production. Special forecasts for natural calamities. Modification of weather hazards, weather modification for agriculture. Scientific advances in artificial rain making, hail suppression, dissipation of fog and stratus clouds, modification of severe storms and electric behaviour of clouds. Synoptic chart analysis. The kinematics of the pressure field. The atmospheric scales of motion. Global circulations. Perturbation theories of instability. Jet streams. Cloud identification and characterization from satellites.
Theory Outline:
|
Sr. No.
|
Topic
|
No. of Lectures
|
|
1.
|
Weather forecasting - definition, importance, scope and types
|
2
|
|
2.
|
Study of synoptic charts
|
2
|
|
3.
|
Jet streams
|
2
|
|
4.
|
Synoptic features
|
2
|
|
5.
|
Weather anomalies and zones of thermal advection
|
3
|
|
6.
|
Interpretation of satellite pictures of clouds
|
2
|
|
7.
|
Weather forecasting network
|
3
|
|
8.
|
Approaches of weather forecasts
|
2
|
|
9.
|
Indigenous Technical Knowledge
|
2
|
|
10.
|
Weather based advisories
|
2
|
|
11.
|
Interpretation of weather forecasts for soil moisture, farm operations, pest and disease development and epidemics, crops and livestock production
|
2
|
|
12.
|
Special forecasts for natural calamities
|
3
|
|
13.
|
Modification of weather hazards
|
3
|
|
14.
|
Weather modification for agriculture
|
2
|
|
15.
|
Scientific advances in artificial rain making, hail suppression, dissipation of fog and stratus clouds, modification of severe storms
|
2
|
|
16.
|
Electric behaviour of clouds
|
2
|
|
17.
|
Synoptic chart analysis
|
2
|
|
18.
|
The kinematics of the pressure field
|
2
|
|
19.
|
The atmospheric scales of motion
|
2
|
|
20.
|
Global circulations
|
2
|
|
21.
|
Perturbation theories of instability
|
2
|
|
Total
|
46
|
Course No. Agromet. 602
Course Title: Analytical Tools and Methods for Agricultural Meteorology (3+0) Sem.II
Theory: Review of agro-climatic methods. Characterization of agroclimatic elements. Sampling of atmosphere - temporal and spatial considerations. Micro, meso and macro climates. Network spacing-spatial and temporal methods. GIS fundamentals and applications. Numerical characterization of climatic features. Crop response to climate, time lags, time and distance constants. Hysteresis effects. Influence of climate on stress response relations. Thermal time approach in agroclimatology- heat and radiation use efficiency in crop plants, applications to insect-pest development and prediction. Comfort indices for human and animals. Impact of natural and induced variability and change of climate on crop production. Instrumentation and sampling problems. Design of agro-meteorological experiments. Basic knowledge of applications of computers in agriculture. Empirical and statistical crop weather models and their application with examples. Incorporating weather, soil, plants and other environment related parameters as subroutine and remote sensing inputs in models. Growth and yield prediction models, crop simulation models and forecasting models for insects and diseases.
Theory Outline:
|
Sr. No.
|
Topic
|
No. of Lectures
|
|
1.
|
Review of agro-climatic methods
|
2
|
|
2.
|
Characterization of agroclimatic elements
|
3
|
|
3.
|
Sampling of atmosphere - temporal and spatial considerations
|
2
|
|
4.
|
Micro-meso-macro climates
|
2
|
|
5.
|
Network spacing-spatial and temporal methods
|
2
|
|
6.
|
GIS fundamentals and applications
|
2
|
|
7.
|
Numerical characterization of climatic features
|
2
|
|
8.
|
Crop response to climate, time lags, time and distance constants
|
3
|
|
9.
|
Hysteresis effects
|
2
|
|
10.
|
Influence of climate on stress-response relations
|
2
|
|
11.
|
Thermal time approach in agroclimatology
|
2
|
|
12.
|
heat and radiation use efficiency in crop plants
|
3
|
|
13.
|
Applications of thermal time approach to insect-pest development and prediction
|
2
|
|
14.
|
Comfort indices for human and animals
|
3
|
|
15.
|
Impact of natural and induced variability and change of climate on crop production
|
3
|
|
16.
|
Instrumentation and sampling problems
|
2
|
|
17.
|
Design of agro-meteorological experiments
|
2
|
|
18.
|
Basic knowledge of application of computers in agriculture
|
3
|
|
19.
|
Empirical and statistical crop weather models and their application with examples
|
3
|
|
20.
|
Incorporating weather, soil, plants and other environment related parameters as subroutine and remote sensing inputs in models
|
3
|
|
21.
|
Growth and yield prediction models
|
2
|
|
22.
|
Crop simulation models
|
2
|
| 23. |
Forecasting models for insects and diseases
|
2
|
|
Total
|
54
|
Course No. Agromet. 603
Course Title: Strategic Use of Climate Information (3+0) Sem. II
Theory: Awareness and history of climate-related disasters. Hazards and their relation to agricultural production risks and their mitigation. Selection of appropriate land use and cropping patterns- history and environmental issues, success and difficulties experienced by farmers and outlook for possible alternatives. Agro meteorological aspects for making more efficient use of agricultural inputs. Selection of livestock management- history related to environmental issues. Adoption of microclimate modification
techniques. Protection measures against extreme climate-history of protection measures against extreme climate in the continent/region/country/sub region concerned, successes and difficulties experienced by farmers with present protection measures, outlook for present protection measures and possible alternatives. Trends in protection methods against extreme climate.
Theory Outline:
|
Sr. No.
|
Topic
|
No. of Lectures
|
|
1.
|
Awareness and history of climate-related disasters
|
6
|
|
2.
|
Hazards and their relation to agricultural production risks and their mitigation
|
6
|
|
3.
|
Selection of appropriate land use and cropping patterns- history and environmental issues, success and difficulties and experienced by farmers and outlook for possible alternatives
|
6
|
|
4.
|
Agro-meteorological aspects for making more efficient use of agricultural inputs
|
4
|
|
5.
|
Selection of livestock management- history related to environmental issues
|
4
|
|
6.
|
Adoption of microclimate modification techniques
|
4
|
|
7.
|
Protection measures against extreme climate-history of protection measures against extreme climate in the continent/region/country/sub region concerned
|
6
|
|
8.
|
Successes and difficulties experienced by farmers with present protection measures
|
6
|
|
9.
|
Outlook for present protection measures and possible alternatives
|
6
|
|
10.
|
Trends in protection methods against extreme climate
|
6
|
|
Total
|
54
|
Course No. Agromet. 604
Course Title: Climate Change and Sustainable Development (2+0) Sem.I
Theory: Climate change and variability. Driving forces and patterns in climatic changes. Green house effect. Green house gases and global warming. Types of air pollutants. Role of air pollutants in climate change. Meteorological factors in the movement of dispersion of air pollutants & biochemical smog. Natural and human caused climate change. Induced climate change due to change in land use pattern. Implications of climate change for agriculture. Global strategy to minimize climate change process. Role of climate change models. Effects of climate change on agriculture, biodiversity etc. Mitigation and adaptation strategies in agriculture. Advances in climate change. Mitigation strategies in agriculture to counteract climate change. Models for climate change studies.
Theory Outline:
|
Sr. No.
|
Topic
|
No. of Lectures
|
|
1.
|
Climate change and variability
|
2
|
|
2.
|
Driving forces and patterns in climatic changes
|
2
|
|
3.
|
Green house effect
|
2
|
|
4.
|
Green house gases and global warming
|
2
|
|
5.
|
Types of air pollutants
|
2
|
|
6.
|
Role of air pollutants in climate change
|
2
|
|
7.
|
Meteorological factors in the movement of dispersion of air pollutants & biochemical smog.
|
2
|
|
8.
|
Natural and human caused climate change
|
2
|
|
9.
|
Induced climate change due to change in land use pattern.
|
2
|
|
10.
|
Implications of climate change for agriculture
|
2
|
|
11.
|
Global strategy to minimize climate change process
|
2
|
|
12.
|
Role of climate change models.
|
2
|
|
13.
|
Effects of climate change on agriculture, biodiversity etc.
|
2
|
|
14.
|
Adaptation strategies in agriculture
|
2
|
|
15.
|
Advances in climate change
|
2
|
|
16.
|
Mitigation strategies in agriculture to counteract climate change.
|
2
|
|
17.
|
Models for climate change studies
|
2
|
|
Total
|
34
|
Course No. Agromet. 605
Course Title: Advanced Micrometeorology (2+0) Sem.II
Theory: Energy flow in the plant environment system. Momentum, heat and mass transfer in the biosphere. Soil heat flux. Aerial and crop resistance affecting energy transport. The movement of particles in plant communities. Derivations of crop growth processes based on micrometeorological data. Energy balance over different crops. Microclimate in fields, forests, glass house and net houses/plastic houses. Field climate modification-methods of modification in crops. Risk analysis in environmental modifications. Recent advances in field climate modifications.
Theory Outline:
|
Sr. No.
|
Topic
|
No. of Lectures
|
|
1.
|
Micrometeorology: meaning, scope and importance
|
1
|
|
2.
|
Energy flow in the plant environment system and its importance
|
2
|
|
3.
|
Fundamentals of momentum, heat and mass transfer in the biosphere and their significance
|
3
|
|
4.
|
Soil heat flux and temperature variation with vegetation, soil type and climate
|
2
|
|
5.
|
Aerodynamic and surface resistances affecting energy transport in crops.
|
2
|
|
6.
|
The movement of particles in plant communities and some significant determinants
|
2
|
|
7.
|
Derivations of crop growth processes based on micrometeorological data
|
2
|
|
8.
|
Energy balance over different crops: Components and applications
|
3
|
|
9.
|
Microclimate: Definition, factors affecting, types and significance
|
2
|
|
10.
|
Microclimate in fields, forests, glass house and net houses/plastic houses
|
3
|
|
11.
|
Field climate modification-methods of modification in crops
|
2
|
|
12.
|
Risk analysis in environmental modifications and possible mitigation strategies
|
2
|
|
13.
|
Recent advances in field climate modifications
|
1
|
|
Total
|
27
|
Course No. Agromet. 606
Course Title: Agrometeorological Data Base Management and e-Services (2+1) Sem. I
Syllabus Theory: Data, information and types of data-climate, soil and crop data. Importance of database management, data requirements, collection and recording. Data structure/format and quality control of data. Techniques of climatic data generation and missing data. Introduction to different software for database management. Processing and analysis of data and data products. Value addition of data and data products- data users, public, commercial, academic / research. Availability, accessibility and security of data. Evaluating the cost of data.
Theory Outline:
|
Sr. No.
|
Topic
|
No. of Lectures
|
-
|
Data, information-definition and concepts
|
2
|
-
|
Types of data-climate, soil and crop data
|
3
|
-
|
Database –definition and basic concepts
|
2
|
-
|
Acquisition of data
|
2
|
-
|
Data requirements, collection and recording
|
3
|
-
|
Importance of database management
|
2
|
-
|
Data structure/format and quality control of data
|
3
|
-
|
Techniques of climatic data generation and missing data
|
2
|
-
|
Introduction to different software for database management
|
4
|
-
|
Processing and analysis of data and data products
|
3
|
-
|
Value addition of data and data products
|
2
|
-
|
Basic aspects of Data use, Data user, public, commercial, academic / research
|
2
|
-
|
Availability, accessibility and security of data
|
2
|
-
|
Evaluating the cost of data
|
2
|
|
Total
|
34
|
Syllabus Practical: Types of instruments and data recording. AWS data retrieval, storage and transfer. Exposure to different software for Agromet data analysis; exposure to Statistical software. Temporal and spatial analysis of data; exposure to GIS. Value addition to data. Uploading and downloading data, password and security of data. E-management of data.
Practical Outline:
|
Sr. No.
|
Topic
|
No. of lectures
|
|
1.
|
Visit to an agrometeorological observatory, construction and working of different instruments installed in Observatory
|
1
|
|
2.
|
Recording and tabulation of data from different instruments installed in observatory
|
2
|
|
3.
|
Exposure to AWS, AWS data retrieval, storage and transfer
|
2
|
|
4.
|
Exposure to different software’s for Agromet data analysis
|
2
|
|
5.
|
Analysis of Agromet data using available software
|
1
|
|
6.
|
Exposure to different Statistical software to analyse climate data
|
1
|
|
7.
|
Analysis of climate data using statistical software
|
1
|
|
8.
|
Temporal and spatial analysis of data
|
1
|
|
9.
|
Exposure to GIS. Use of GIS in field crops
|
1
|
|
10.
|
Value addition to data, Interpolation of data
|
1
|
|
11.
|
Introduction to internet protocols
|
1
|
|
12.
|
Uploading and downloading data
|
1
|
|
13.
|
Acquaintance to security of data
|
1
|
|
14.
|
E-management of climate data
|
1
|
|
15.
|
Introduction to computer programming
|
2
|
|
Total
|
19
|
|
